Isiqondisi Sokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi ye-Debian

I-Debian uhlelo oluthile lokusebenza olusebenzayo. Iningi labasebenzisi, selilifakile, lihlangabezana nazo zonke izinhlobo zezinkinga lapho zisebenza nalo. Iqiniso ngukuthi le OS idinga ukulungiselela iningi lezakhi. Lo mbhalo uzokhuluma ngokuthi ungamisa kanjani inethiwekhi ku-Debian.

Funda futhi:
Isiqondisi sokufaka se-Debian 9
Ungamisa kanjani i-Debian ngemuva kokufakwa

Sakha i-Intanethi nge-Debian

Kunezindlela eziningi zokuxhuma ikhompyutha kunethiwekhi, iningi lazo selivele liphelelwe yisikhathi futhi alisetshenziswa ngumhlinzeki, kanti ezinye, ngokuhlukile, zitholakala yonke indawo. I-Debian inamandla okwenza ngokwezifiso ngamunye wabo, kepha i-athikili izogxila kokuthandwa kakhulu.

Funda futhi:
Ukusethwa kwenethiwekhi ku-Ubuntu
Ukusethwa Kwenethiwekhi ku-Ubuntu Server

Uxhumano olunentambo

I-Debian inezinketho ezintathu zokumisa uxhumano olunentambo: ngokwenza izinguquko kufayela lokucushwa, usebenzisa Umphathi Wenethiwekhi, nokusebenzisa uhlelo lokusebenza.

Indlela yoku-1: Ukwenza ushintsho kufayela lokucushwa

Zonke izenzo ezichazwe ngezansi zizokwenziwa "Isiginali". Le yindlela yendawo yonke esebenza kuzo zonke izinhlobo ze-Debian. Ngakho-ke, ukuze ulungiselele uxhumano olunentambo, yenza okulandelayo:

1. Gijima "Isiginali"ngokusesha isistimu nangokuchofoza isithonjana esihambisanayo.



2. Ewindini elivelayo "Isiginali" faka futhi ugijime umyalo olandelayo ukuvula ifayela lokucushwa "indawo yokuxhumana":

   sudo nano / etc / network / interface

   Bheka futhi: Abahleli bemibhalo abadumile ku-Linux

   Qaphela: ngemuva kokusebenzisa umyalo, uzokwaziswa iphasiwedi ephezulu oyichazile lapho ufaka i-Debian. Okokufaka kwalo ngeke kuboniswe.

3. Esikhathini sokuhlela, ukufakwa umugqa owodwa, faka amapharamitha alandelayo:

   auto [igama le-network interface]
iface [igama lesikhombimsebenzisi senethiwekhi] inet dhcp

   Qaphela: ungathola igama le-interface yenethiwekhi ngokusebenza komyalo "ikheli le-ip". Ku-extradition kukhonjiswa ngenombolo 2.



4. Uma amaseva e-DNS engabhalisiwe ngokuzenzakalelayo, ungawacacisa kwifayela elifanayo ngokwakho ngokufaka okulandelayo:

   nameserver [DNS ikheli]

5. Gcina izinguquko ngokuchofoza I-Ctrl + O, futhi uphume kusihleli ngokuchofoza I-Ctrl + X.

Ngenxa yalokhu, ifayela lakho lokucushwa kufanele libukeke ngokufana nalokhu:

Yigama le-interface yenethiwekhi kuphela elingafani.

Ukuxhumeka kwentambo ngekheli elinamandla kusanda kulungiswa. Uma ikheli lakho le-IP li-static, lapho-ke kufanele ulungiselele inethiwekhi ngendlela ehlukile:

1. Vula ngaphakathi "Isiginali" ifayela lokulungiselela:

   sudo nano / etc / network / interface

2. Njengoba ushiye umugqa owodwa ekugcineni, faka umbhalo ongezansi, ngesikhathi esifanayo ufake idatha efanele ezindaweni ezifanele:

   auto [igama le-network interface]
iface [igama lesikhombimsebenzisi senethiwekhi] inet static
ikheli [ikheli]
netmask [ikheli]
isango [ikheli]
dns-nameservers [ikheli]

3. Gcina izinguquko bese uphuma kusihleli nano.

Khumbula ukuthi igama le-interface yenethiwekhi lingatholakala ngokungena "Isiginali" iqembu "ikheli le-ip". Uma ungayazi yonke eminye imininingwane, khona-ke ingatholakala kumadokhumenti evela kumhlinzeki noma cela opharetha ekusekelweni kwezobuchwepheshe.

Ngemuva kokuphothulwa kwazo zonke isenzo, inethiwekhi enezintambo izolungiselelwe wena. Kwezinye izimo, ukuze lonke ushintsho luqale ukusebenza, udinga ukusebenzisa umyalo okhethekile:

sudo systemctl qala kabusha ukuxhumeka

noma qala ikhompyutha yakho.

Indlela 2: Umphathi Wenethiwekhi

Uma ungakhululekile ngokusebenzisa ukusetha kokuxhumeka "Isiginali" noma uhlangabezane nobunzima lapho ulandela imiyalo engenhla, ungasebenzisa uhlelo olukhethekile lwe-Network Manager, eline-graphical interface.

1. Vula iwindi lezilungiselelo Zomphathi Wenethiwekhi ngokucindezela inhlanganisela yokhiye I-Alt + F2 Ukufaka lo myalo emkhakheni ofanele:

   Isihleli se-nm-uxhumano



2. Cindezela inkinobho "Faka"ukufaka uxhumano lwenethiwekhi entsha.



3. Chaza uhlobo lokuxhuma okusha njenge I-Ethernetngokukhetha into yegama elifanayo ohlwini futhi uchofoze "Dala ...".



4. Ewindini elisha elivulayo, faka igama lokuxhuma.



5. Ithebhu "Okujwayelekile" hlola amabhokisi emaphuzwini amabili okuqala ukuze kuthi ngemuva kokuqala ikhompyutha bonke abasebenzisi bakwazi ukuxhumana ngokuzenzakalelayo kunethiwekhi.



6. Kuthebhu I-Ethernet chaza okwakho ikhadi lenethiwekhi (1) bese ukhetha Indlela yokubalwa kwekheli le-MAC (2). Kubhalwe ohlwini "Xhumanisa izingxoxo" khetha umugqa Ziba (3). Ungaguquli zonke izinkambu ezisele.



7. Iya kuthebhu Izilungiselelo ze-IPv4 bese ukhetha indlela yokubeka njenge "I-Automatic (DHCP)". Uma ungatholi iseva ye-DNS ngokuqondile kumhlinzeki, khetha "Okuzenzakalelayo (DHCP, ikheli kuphela)" bese ufaka amaseva e-DNS emkhakheni wegama elifanayo.



8. Qhafaza Gcina.

Ngemuva kwalokho, ukuxhumana kuzosungulwa. Kepha ngale ndlela ungalungiselela i-IP eguqukayo kuphela, uma ikheli lili-static, yenza okulandelayo:

1. Kusukela ohlwini "Indlela Yokubeka" khetha umugqa "Ngezandla".
2. Endaweni "Ikheli" cindezela inkinobho "Faka".
3. Faka ikheli, i-netmask, kanye nesango elilodwa ngasikhathi.
   

   Qaphela: ungathola lonke ulwazi oludingekayo ngokuxhumana nomhlinzeki wakho.

4. Chaza amaseva e-DNS emkhakheni wegama elifanayo.
5. Qhafaza Gcina.

Ekugcineni, inethiwekhi izofakwa. Uma amasayithi esipheqululini sakho engakavuli, kunconywa ukuthi uqale kabusha ikhompyutha yakho.

Indlela 3: Ukusebenza Kwesistimu "Inethiwekhi"

Abanye abasebenzisi bangahlangabezana nenkinga lapho beqala Umphathi Wenethiwekhi. Kulokhu, kunconyelwa ukusebenzisa isisetshenziswa sohlelo esisebenza njalo ngokuqinile. Kunezindlela ezimbili zokuvula:

1. Ngokuchofoza inkomba yenethiwekhi ngakwesokunene sepaneli le-GNOME nangokukhetha "Izilungiselelo zenethiwekhi ezinentambo".



2. Ukungena kumingcele yohlelo ngemenyu bese uqhafaza kusithonjana "Inethiwekhi".

Lapho umsebenzi usuvulekile, yenza okulandelayo ukulungisa uxhumano olunentambo:

1. Setha ukushintshwa kwenethiwekhi kwisikhundla esisebenzayo.



2. Chofoza inkinobho yegiya.



3. Vula isigaba ewindini elisha "Ukukhonjwa", igama lokuxhumana okusha bese ukhetha ikheli le-MAC ohlwini. Futhi lapha ungavumela ukuxhumeka okuzenzakalelayo kunethiwekhi yekhompyutha ngemuva kokuqala i-OS futhi wenze ukuxhumana kutholakale kubo bonke abasebenzisi ngokubheka amabhokisi ahambisanayo.



4. Iya esigabeni IPv4 bese usetha konke ukushintshela kusebenze uma umhlinzeki enikeza ikheli le-IP elinamandla. Uma udinga ukufaka iseva ye-DNS ngesandla, vala switch "DNS" bese ufaka iseva ngokwakho.



5. Cindezela inkinobho Faka isicelo.

Nge-static IP iyadingeka esigabeni IPv4 setha ezinye izilungiselelo:

1. Ukusuka ohlwini olwehliswayo "Ikheli" khetha into "Ngezandla".
2. Efomini lokugcwalisa, faka ikheli lenethiwekhi, imaskhi kanye nesango.
3. Yenza kungasebenzi switch engezansi. "DNS" bese ufaka ikheli layo endimeni ehambisanayo.
   

   Qaphela: uma kunesidingo, ungachofoza inkinobho "+" bese ucacisa amanye amaseva we-DNS.

4. Cindezela inkinobho Faka isicelo.

Manje ususazi ukuthi ungalungiselela kanjani ukuxhumana okune-wireless ne-IP ene-static ne-ashukumisayo ohlelweni lokusebenza lwe-Debian. Kuhlala kuphela ukukhetha indlela efanele.

I-PPPoE

Ngokungafani nokuxhumeka kwentambo, kunezindlela ezimbili kuphela zokusetha inethiwekhi ye-PPPoE ngesi-Debian: ngokusebenzisa into pppoeconf nangosizo lohlelo olwaziwayo lwe-Network Manager.

Indlela 1: pppoeconf

Ukusetshenziswa pppoeconf - Leli ithuluzi elilula ongalungisa ngalo uxhumano usebenzisa umthetho we-PPPoE kunoma yiluphi uhlelo lokusebenza olususelwa ku-Linux kernel. Kepha ngokungafani nokusatshalaliswa okuningi, lokhu kusebenzisa akubhengezwanga ku-Debian, ngakho-ke kufanele uqale ukulande bese uyifaka.

Uma unethuba lokulungiselela uxhumano lwe-Intanethi kwikhompyutha yakho usebenzisa indawo evulekile, njenge-Wi-Fi, lapho uzoyifaka pppoeconf dinga phakathi "Isiginali" khipha lo myalo:

sudo apt ukufaka pppoeconf

Uma ungakwazi ukuxhuma kwi-Wi-Fi, ukusetshenziswa kwalapho kumele kuqala kulandwe kwenye idivaysi bese kubekwa ku-Flash drive.

Landa i-pppoeconf yezinhlelo ezingama-64-bit
Landa i-pppoeconf yezinhlelo ezingama-32

Ngemuva kwalokho faka i-USB flash drive kwikhompyutha yakho bese wenza okulandelayo:

1. Kopisha ukusetshenziswa kufolda "Ukulanda"usebenzisa umphathi wefayela ojwayelekile kulokhu I-Nautilus.
2. Vula "Isiginali".
3. Iya kuwo kumkhombandlela lapho ifayela litholakala khona. Kulokhu, iya kufolda "Ukulanda". Ukuze wenze lokhu, yenza:

   cd / home / UserName / Ukulanda

   Qaphela: esikhundleni se- "UserName", kufanele uchaze igama lomsebenzisi elachazwa ngesikhathi sokufakwa kwe-Debian.

4. Faka umsebenzi pppoeconfngokusebenzisa umyalo:

   sudo dpkg -i [IphakhejiName] .deb

   Lapho kunalokho "[IphakhejiName]" kufanele usho igama lefayela eliphelele.

Lapho ukusetshenziswa kufakiwe ohlelweni, ungaqhubeka ngqo nokucushwa kwenethiwekhi kwe-PPPoE. Ukuze wenze lokhu:

1. Qalisa ukusebenzisa okufakiwe ngokusebenza ngaphakathi "Isiginali":

   sudo pppoeconf

2. Lindela ukuskena kwedivayisi ukuqeda.



3. Chaza isikhombimsebenzisi senethiwekhi kusuka ohlwini.

   

   Qaphela: uma kunekhadi le-network elilodwa kuphela, khona-ke uhlelo lokuxhumana luzotholwa ngokuzenzakalelayo bese lesi sinyathelo seqa.

4. Phendula umbuzo wokuqala ku-affirmative - indawo ekuhlinzeka ukuthi isebenzise izilungiselelo zokuxhumana ezidumile, ezilungele abasebenzisi abaningi.



5. Faka ukungena ngemvume okukhishwe umhlinzeki wakho bese uqhafaza KULUNGILE.



6. Faka iphasiwedi umhlinzeki akunikeze bese uchofoza KULUNGILE.



7. Phendula yebo uma amaseva e-DNS etholakala ngokuzenzakalela. Ngaphandle kwalokho, khetha Cha bese uzicacisa.



8. Vumela ukusetshenziswa kukhawulele i-MSS kuya kuma-1452 amabhayithi. Lokhu kuzosusa amaphutha lapho kuvulwa amanye amasayithi.



9. Khetha Yeboukuze uxhumano lwe-PPPoE lusungulwe ngokuzenzakalelayo ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho kuqala uhlelo.



10. Ukusungula uxhumano khona manje, phendula Yebo.

Uma ukhethe impendulo Yebokhona-ke ukuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi kufanele kube sekuvele kusunguliwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuxhuma, kufanele ufake umyalo:

umhlinzeki we-sudo pon dsl

Ukukhubaza, yenza:

umhlinzeki we-sudo poff dsl

Lesi umhlahlandlela wokusetha inethiwekhi ye-PPPoE usebenzisa umsebenzi pppoeconf kungabhekwa njengokuphelele. Kepha uma uhlangabezana nobunzima ekuqalisweni kwayo, bese uzama ukusebenzisa indlela yesibili.

Indlela 2: Umphathi Wenethiwekhi

Usebenzisa Umphathi Wenethiwekhi, ukusungula uxhumano lwe-PPPoE kuzothatha isikhathi eside, kepha uma ungenayo inketho yokulanda ukusetshenziswa pppoeconf kwikhompyutha yakho, ngale ndlela kuphela kwendlela yokumisa i-Intanethi nge-Debian.

1. Vula iwindi lohlelo. Ukuze wenze lokhu, cindezela inhlanganisela yokhiye I-Alt + F2 ebhokisini elivelayo, faka lomyalo olandelayo:

   Isihleli se-nm-uxhumano



2. Ewindini elivulayo, chofoza inkinobho "Faka".



3. Khetha umugqa ohlwini "Dsl" bese ucindezela inkinobho Dala.



4. Kuzovulwa iwindi lapho udinga ukufaka igama loxhumano kulayini ohambelana.



5. Kuthebhu "Okujwayelekile" Kunconywa ukuthi uhlole amaphuzu amabili okuqala ukuze uma uvula i-PC, inethiwekhi ifakwe ngokuzenzakalelayo futhi bonke abasebenzisi bayifinyelele.



6. Kuthebhu ye-DSL, faka igama lomsebenzisi nephasiwedi emikhakheni efanele. Uma ungenayo le datha, ungaxhumana nomhlinzeki.

   

   Qaphela: igama lenkonzo liyakhethwa.

7. Iya kuthebhu I-Ethernetkhetha ohlwini "Idivayisi" Igama le-interface yenethiwekhi ohlwini "Xhumanisa izingxoxo" - Ziba, nasensimini "Ikheli le-MAC yeCone" khombisa "Gcina".



8. Kuthebhu Izilungiselelo ze-IPv4 nge-IP ashukumisayo oyidingayo ohlwini "Indlela Yokubeka" ukukhetha "Okuzenzakalelayo (PPPoE)".



Uma iseva ye-DNS ingaveli ngqo kumhlinzeki, khetha "Ngokuzenzakalelayo (PPPoE, ikheli kuphela)" uzifake emkhakheni wegama elifanayo.



Uma kwenzeka unekheli le-IP elingashintshi, kuzodingeka ukhethe indlela ebhaliwe bese ubhala wonke amapharamitha ezinkambeni zokufaka ezifanele.



9. Qhafaza Gcina bese uvale iwindi lohlelo.

Uxhumano lwe-Intanethi kufanele lusungulwe ngemuva kokuqeda zonke izinyathelo. Uma lokhu kungenjalo, ukuqala kabusha ikhompyutha kuzosiza.

Cofa-up

Kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuxhuma kwi-Intanethi, i-DIAL-UP manje ibhekwa njengento ethandwa kakhulu, ngakho-ke azikho izinhlelo ezinesibonisi sokuqhafaza ongamisa kulo, ku-Debian. Kepha kukhona ukusetshenziswa pppconfig ngesimo se-pseudo-graphic interface. Ungase futhi ulungiselele ukusebenzisa usizo wvdialkodwa okokuqala izinto eziza kuqala.

Indlela 1: pppconfig

Ukusetshenziswa pppconfig ngezindlela eziningi ezifanayo pppoeconfig: lapho usetha, udinga nje ukunikeza izimpendulo zemibuzo, ngemuva kwalokho ukuxhumana kuzosungulwa. Kepha lo msebenzi awuthuthukisiwe kusistimu, ngakho-ke yilande ngokulanda "Isiginali":

sudo apt ukufaka pppconfig

Uma ungenakukwazi ukufinyelela kwi-Intanethi, kuzofanela ukuthi ufake kwi-USB flash drive ukwenza lokhu. Ukuze wenze lokhu, qala ngokulanda iphakheji pppconfig bese uyilahla ku-drive.

Landa i-pppconfig yezinhlelo ezingama-64-bit
Landa i-pppconfig yezinhlelo ezingama-32

Ngemuva kwalokho, ukufaka, yenza okulandelayo:

1. Faka i-USB flash drive kwikhompyutha yakho.
2. Hambisa idatha kusuka kulo ifolda "Ukulanda"okungukuthi lwemibhalo yasekhaya yohlelo lokusebenza.
3. Vula "Isiginali".
4. Iya kufolda lapho uhambise khona ifayili yokusetshenziswa, okungukuthi "Ukulanda":

   cd / home / UserName / Ukulanda

   Kuphela esikhundleni salokho "Igama lomsebenzisi" faka igama lomsebenzisi elalichaziwe lapho kufakwa uhlelo.

5. Faka iphakheji pppconfig usebenzisa umyalo okhethekile:

   sudo dpkg -i [IphakhejiName] .deb

   Lapho kufanele ungene khona "[IphakhejiName]" egameni lefayela le-deb.

Lapho iphakheji oyifunayo ifakiwe kusistimu, ungaqhubeka ngqo ukusetha uxhumano lwe-DIAL-UP.

1. Qalisa ukusetshenziswa pppconfig:

   sudo pppconfig docomo

2. Ewindows wokuqala we-pseudographic interface, khetha "Dala uxhumano olubizwa nge-docomo" bese uqhafaza "Kulungile".



3. Bese unquma ukuthi ungawamisa kanjani amaseva we-DNS. Nge-IP ye-tuli, khetha "Sebenzisa i-DNS ye-tuli", ngamandla amakhulu - "Sebenzisa ama-DNS ashukumisayo".

   

   Okubalulekile: uma ukhethe u- "Sebenzisa ama-DNS ama-tuli", kuzofanela ukuthi ufake ikheli le-IP loqobo futhi, uma lukhona, iseva yesibili.

4. Chaza indlela yokufakazela ubuqiniso ngokukhetha "I-Protocol yokuqinisekiswa Kwontanga", bese uchofoza "Kulungile".



5. Faka ukungena kwakho okunikezwe ngumhlinzeki.



6. Faka iphasiwedi oyitholile kumhlinzeki.

   

   Qaphela: uma ungenayo le datha, thintana nosizo lobuchwepheshe lomhlinzeki bese uluthola ku-opharetha.

7. Manje udinga ukucacisa isivinini se-Intanethi esiphezulu esizosetshenziswa yimodemu. Uma kungadingekile ukukukhawulela ngobuciko, bese ufaka inani eliphakeme enkambu bese uchofoza "Kulungile".



8. Chaza indlela yokudayela njengethoni, ukhethe ngokulandelana "Ithoni" bese uqhafaza "Kulungile".



9. Faka inombolo yakho yocingo. Sicela wazi ukuthi kufanele ufake idatha ngaphandle kokusebenzisa udeshi.



10. Cacisa imbobo yemodemu yakho exhunywe kuyo.

    

    Qaphela: amachweba wohlobo lwe- "ttyS0-ttyS3" angabukwa kusetshenziswa umyalo "sudo ls -l / dev / ttyS *"

11. Ewindini lokugcina, uzokwethulwa ngombiko kuyo yonke imininingwane efakwe ngaphambili. Uma konke kunembile, bese ukhetha umugqa "Kuqediwe ukubhala amafayela bese ubuyela kumenyu enkulu" bese uqhafaza Ngena.

Manje ngokuxhuma kufanele ukhiphe umyalo owodwa:

pon docomo

Ukuze unqamule, sebenzisa lo myalo:

poff docomo

Indlela 2: wvdial

Uma wehluleka ukulungiselela uxhumano lwe-DIAL-UP usebenzisa indlela yangaphambilini, khona-ke kuzokwazi ukwenza lokhu usebenzisa isisetshenziswa wvdial. Kuzosiza ukudala ifayela elikhethekile ohlelweni, emva kwalokho kuzodingeka ukuthi kwenziwe izinguquko ezithile kulo. Manje kuzochazwa ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi ungakwenza kanjani lokhu.

1. Okokuqala udinga ukufaka ohlelweni wvdiallokhu ku "Isiginali" kwanele ukukwenza:

   sudo apt ukufaka i-wvdial

   Futhi, uma ngalesi sikhathi inethiwekhi yakho ingalungiselelwe, ungalanda kuqala iphakheji oyifunayo kusuka kusayithi kwenye idivaysi, uyilahle kwi-USB flash drive bese uyifaka kukhompyutha yakho.

   Landa ama-wvdial wezinhlelo ezingama-64-bit
   Landa ama-wvdial wezinhlelo ezingama-32



2. Ngemuva kokuthi ukufakwa kufakiwe kusistimu yakho, kufanele uyisebenzise ukuze kudaleke ifayili lokumisa, esizoliguqula kamuva. Ukuze uqale, sebenzisa umyalo olandelayo:

   sudo wvdialconf

3. Ifayela lenziwe kumkhombandlela "/ njll /" futhi ubizwa "wvdial.conf". Yivule kusihleli sombhalo:

   sudo nano /etc/wvdial.conf

4. Izogcina amapharamitha afundwe yi-utility kusuka kumodem yakho. Kumele ugcwalise imigqa emithathu: Ucingo, Igama lomsebenzisi futhi Iphasiwedi.



5. Gcina izinguquko (I-Ctrl + O) bese uvale isihleli (I-Ctrl + X).

Ukuxhumeka kwe-DIAL-UP kumisiwe, kepha udinga ukusebenzisa umyalo owodwa owodwa ukuze unikwe amandla:

sudo wvdial

Ukuze ulungiselele ukuxhumana kwenethiwekhi okuzenzakalelayo ekuqaleni kwekhompyutha, vele ufake lo myalo kwisiqalo se-Debian.

Isiphetho

Kunezinhlobo eziningi zokuxhumeka kwe-inthanethi, futhi i-Debian inawo wonke amathuluzi adingekayo wokuwahlela. Njengoba kungaphawulwa kulokhu okungenhla, kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokumisa uhlobo ngalunye lokuxhuma. Kumele nje unqume ukuthi uzosebenzisa yiphi.